temperature

Introduction Maps are used in a variety of fields to express data in an appealing and interpretive way. Map making — the art of cartography — is an ancient skill that involves communication, intuition, and an element of creativity. Current solutions for creating maps usually involves GIS software, such as ArcGIS, QGIS, which allow to visually prepare a map. On the other hand, R, a free and open-source software development environment (IDE) that is used for computing statistical data and graphic in a programmable language, for a long time has had a relatively simple mechanism, via the maps package, for making simple outlines of maps and plotting lat-long points and paths on them.

Time-series analysis aims to analyse and learn the temporal behaviour of datasets over a period. Examples include the investigation of long-term records of temperature , sea-level fluctuations, the effect of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation on tropical rainfall, and surface current influences on distribution of temperature and rainfall. Th e temporal pattern of a sequence of events in a time series data can be either random, clustered, cyclic, or chaotic.